APLIKASI-APLIKASI EKONOMI TEKNIK BAB 5
BAB
5
5.
Aplikasi-aplikasi hubungan nilai uang terhadap waktu
1. Payback period
1. Payback period
Payback
period dalam bisnis dan ekonomi mengacu pada periode waktu yang diperlukan
untuk pengembalian investasi untuk “membayar” jumlah investasi awal. Sebagai
contoh, $ 1000 investasi yang kembali $ 500 per tahun akan memiliki payback
period dua tahun. Secara intuitif mengukur berapa lama sesuatu yang diperlukan
untuk “membayar untuk dirinya sendiri.” Asalkan semua sederajat, lebih pendek
periode pengembalian lebih baik daripada periode pengembalian lebih lama.
Payback period digunakan secara luas karena kemudahan penggunaan.
Istilah
ini juga digunakan secara luas di berbagai jenis investasi daerah, sering kali
berkaitan dengan teknologi efisiensi energi, pemeliharaan, upgrade, atau
perubahan lainnya. Sebagai contoh, sebuah bola lampu fluorescent ringkas dapat
digambarkan dari memiliki periode pengembalian sejumlah tahun atau operasi jam,
dengan asumsi biaya-biaya tertentu. Di sini, kembali ke investasi terdiri dari
penurunan biaya operasi. Meskipun pada awalnya adalah istilah keuangan, konsep
payback period kadang-kadang diperluas untuk kegunaan lain, seperti energi
payback period (periode waktu di mana penghematan energi dari sebuah proyek
yang sama jumlah energi yang dikeluarkan sejak awal proyek).
Metode Periode Pengembalian
1. Metode
ini mengukur seberapa cepat investasi bisa kembali. Bila periode payback ini
lebih pendek daripada yang diisyaratkan, maka proyek dikatakan menguntungkan,
sedang kalau lebih lama maka proyek ditolak.
2. Metode
ini mengukur seberapa cepat suatu investasi bisa kembali, maka dasar yang
dipergunakan adalah aliran kas, bukan lab. Untuk itu kita hitung aliran kas
proyek tersebut.
3. Problem
utama dari metode ini adalah sulitnya menentukan payback maksimum. Dalam
prakteknya yang dipergunakan adalah payback umumnya dari perusahaan-perusahaan
sejenis.
4. Kelemahan
metode payback
a. Diabaikan
nilai waktu uang
b. Diabaikan aliran kas setelah periode payback
c. Diabaikan perhitungan nilai sisa dari investasi
b. Diabaikan aliran kas setelah periode payback
c. Diabaikan perhitungan nilai sisa dari investasi
5. Metode
payback biasa disebut payback periode
6. Payback
period (PBP) adalah jangka waktu tertentu yang menunjukkan terjadinya arus
permintaan (Cash in Flow) secara kumulatif sama dengan jumlah investasi dalam
bentuk Present Value
7. Periode
pengembalian
a. payback
period
b. Jangka
waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mengembalikan nilai investasi melalui penerimaan
c. penerimaan
yang dihasilkan oleh proyek investasi tersebut
8.
Mengukur kecepatan kembalinya dana investasi.
Rumus periode pengembalian jika arus per tahun jumlahnya berbeda.
• Periode
pengambalian
a
– b
=
n + x 1 tahun
c
- b
dimana :
n =
Tahun terakhir dimana jumlah arus kas masih belum bisa menutup investasi
mula-mula
a = Jumlah investasi mula-mula
b = Jumlah kumulatif arus kas pada tahun ke – n
c = Jumlah kumulatif arus kas pada tahun ke n + 1
a = Jumlah investasi mula-mula
b = Jumlah kumulatif arus kas pada tahun ke – n
c = Jumlah kumulatif arus kas pada tahun ke n + 1
Rumus periode pengembalian jika arus per tahun jumlahnya sama.
• Periode
pengambalian
investasi
awal
= x
1 tahun
arus
kas
• Usulan proyek investasi
– Periode
pengembalian lebih cepat : layak
– Periode pengembalian lebih lama : tidak layak
– Jika usulan proyek investasi lebih dari satu maka periode pengembalian yang lebih cepat yang dipilih
– Periode pengembalian lebih lama : tidak layak
– Jika usulan proyek investasi lebih dari satu maka periode pengembalian yang lebih cepat yang dipilih
Contoh kasus :
1. Usulan proyek investasi sebesar Rp. 450 juta, umurnya diperkirakan 5 tahun tanpa nilai sisa, arus kas pertahun yang dihasilkan selama umur proyek Rp. 150 juta dan umur proyek yang disyaratkan 4 tahun
2. Periode
pengembalian proyek investasi tersebut adalah :
Jawaban :
1. Periode pengembalian
Rp.
450 juta
= x
1 tahun
Rp.
150 juta
= 3
tahun
2. Periode pengembalian 3 tahun lebih kecil dari yang disyaratkan maka usulan proyek investasi adalah diterima.
2. Periode pengembalian 3 tahun lebih kecil dari yang disyaratkan maka usulan proyek investasi adalah diterima.
5.1 Tingkat pengembalian minimum
Ada
dua aspek yang perlu dipertimbangkan oleh manajemen perusahaan dalam
pengambilan keputusan keuangan, yaitu tingkat pengembalian (return) dan risiko
(risk) keputusan keuangan tersebut. Tingkat pengembalian adalah imbalan yang
diharapkan diperoleh di masa mendatang, sedangkan risiko diartikan sebagai
ketidakpastian dari imbalan yang diharapkan. Risiko adalah kemungkinan
terjadinya penyimpangan dari rata-rata dari tingkat pengembalian yang
diharapkan yang dapat diukur dari standar deviasi dengan menggunakan statistika.
Risiko
bisnis berkaitan dengan ketidakpastian tingkat pengembalian atas aktiva suatu
perusahaan di masa mendatang, yang mengacu pada variabilitas keuntungan yang
diharapkan sebelum bunga dan pajak (EBIT). Risiko bisnis merupakan akibat
langsung dari keputusan investasi perusahaan, yang tercermin dalam struktur
aktivanya. Yang dimaksud dengan risiko bisnis dalam hal ini adalah tingkat
risiko aktiva perusahaan jika perusahaan tidak menggunakan hutang.
5.2
Net Present Value
In economics and finance, present value, also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is always less than or equal to the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of negative interest rates, when the present value will be more than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, "A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow". Here, 'worth more' means that its value is greater. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because the dollar can be invested and earn a day's worth of interest, making the total accumulate to a value more than a dollar by tomorrow. Interest can be compared to rent. Just as rent is paid to a landlord by a tenant, without the ownership of the asset being transferred, interest is paid to a lender by a borrower who gains access to the money for a time before paying it back. By letting the borrower have access to the money, the lender has sacrificed the exchange value of this money, and is compensated for it in the form of interest. The initial amount of the borrowed funds (the present value) is less than the total amount of money paid to the lender.
In economics and finance, present value, also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation. The present value is always less than or equal to the future value because money has interest-earning potential, a characteristic referred to as the time value of money, except during times of negative interest rates, when the present value will be more than the future value. Time value can be described with the simplified phrase, "A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow". Here, 'worth more' means that its value is greater. A dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because the dollar can be invested and earn a day's worth of interest, making the total accumulate to a value more than a dollar by tomorrow. Interest can be compared to rent. Just as rent is paid to a landlord by a tenant, without the ownership of the asset being transferred, interest is paid to a lender by a borrower who gains access to the money for a time before paying it back. By letting the borrower have access to the money, the lender has sacrificed the exchange value of this money, and is compensated for it in the form of interest. The initial amount of the borrowed funds (the present value) is less than the total amount of money paid to the lender.
Present
value calculations, and similarly future
value calculations, are used to value loans, mortgages, annuities, sinking
funds, perpetuities, bonds,
and more. These calculations are used to make comparisons between cash flows
that don’t occur at simultaneous times, since time dates must be
consistent in order to make comparisons between values. When deciding between
projects in which to invest, the choice can be made by comparing respective
present values of such projects by means of discounting the expected income
streams at the corresponding project interest rate, or rate of return. The
project with the highest present value, i.e. that is most valuable today,
should be chosen.
5.3
Future Worth Value
is the value of an asset at a specific date. It measures the nominal future sum of money that a given sum of money is "worth" at a specified time in the future assuming a certain interest rate, or more generally, rate of return; it is the present value multiplied by the accumulation function. The value does not include corrections for inflation or other factors that affect the true value of money in the future. This is used in time value of money calculations.
is the value of an asset at a specific date. It measures the nominal future sum of money that a given sum of money is "worth" at a specified time in the future assuming a certain interest rate, or more generally, rate of return; it is the present value multiplied by the accumulation function. The value does not include corrections for inflation or other factors that affect the true value of money in the future. This is used in time value of money calculations.
5.4
Annual Worth Value
Annual Worth Analysis Annual Worth Method (AW) or also called Annual Equivalent is a method by which cash inflows and cash outflows are distributed within a series of annual money values evenly (equally), every time period along age of investment, at a desired minimum rate of return (MARR).
5.5 Internal Rate of Return
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a metric used in capital budgeting measuring the profitability of potential investments. Internal rate of return is a discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero. IRR calculations rely on the same formula as NPV does.
Annual Worth Analysis Annual Worth Method (AW) or also called Annual Equivalent is a method by which cash inflows and cash outflows are distributed within a series of annual money values evenly (equally), every time period along age of investment, at a desired minimum rate of return (MARR).
5.5 Internal Rate of Return
Internal rate of return (IRR) is a metric used in capital budgeting measuring the profitability of potential investments. Internal rate of return is a discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero. IRR calculations rely on the same formula as NPV does.
The
following is the formula for calculating NPV:
where:
Ct =
net cash inflow during the period t
Co= total initial investment costs
r = discount rate, and
t = number of time periods
Co= total initial investment costs
r = discount rate, and
t = number of time periods
To
calculate IRR using the formula, one would set NPV equal to zero and solve for
the discount rate r, which is here the IRR. Because of the nature of the
formula, however, IRR cannot be calculated analytically, and must instead be
calculated either through trial-and-error or using software programmed to
calculate IRR.
Generally
speaking, the higher a project's internal rate of return, the more desirable it
is to undertake the project. IRR is uniform for investments of varying types
and, as such, IRR can be used to rank multiple prospective projects a firm is
considering on a relatively even basis. Assuming the costs of investment are
equal among the various projects, the project with the highest IRR would
probably be considered the best and undertaken first.
5.6 External Rate of Return
is an inclusive and transparent platform for measuring the overall social and economic impact of business activities. The External Rate of Return Platform was developed by Mark Florman, a British businessman, entrepreneur and a pioneer in impact philanthropy and social justice, in 2013.
5.6 External Rate of Return
is an inclusive and transparent platform for measuring the overall social and economic impact of business activities. The External Rate of Return Platform was developed by Mark Florman, a British businessman, entrepreneur and a pioneer in impact philanthropy and social justice, in 2013.
Referensi :
https://rumahtugasekonomi.wordpress.com
https://batangsungkai.wordpress.com
http://ekonomiteknik112081081.blogspot.co.id
http://www.investopedia.com
https://en.wikipedia.org
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